初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)
總結(jié)是指社會團(tuán)體、企業(yè)單位和個人對某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析，得出教訓(xùn)和一些規(guī)律性認(rèn)識的一種書面材料，通過它可以正確認(rèn)識以往學(xué)習(xí)和工作中的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，為此要我們寫一份總結(jié)。那么你知道總結(jié)如何寫嗎？以下是小編收集整理的初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)1
熔化
1.定義
是指對物質(zhì)進(jìn)行加熱，使物質(zhì)從固態(tài)變成液態(tài)的過程。它是物態(tài)變化中比較常見的類型。熔化需要吸收熱量，是吸熱過程。
2.晶體
(1)定義：晶體是由大量微觀物質(zhì)單位(原子、離子、分子等)按一定規(guī)則有序排列的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此可以從結(jié)構(gòu)單位的大小來研究判斷排列規(guī)則和晶體形態(tài)。
(2)特性：
晶體在熔化過程中溫度不變
晶體有一定的熔點(diǎn)，即熔化的溫度
不同晶體熔點(diǎn)不同
3.非晶體
(1)定義：非晶體是指結(jié)構(gòu)無序或者近程有序而長程無序的物質(zhì)，組成物質(zhì)的分子(或原子、離子)不呈空間有規(guī)則周期性排列的固體，它沒有一定規(guī)則的外形。
(2)特性：非晶體沒有熔點(diǎn)
4.影響熔點(diǎn)的因素：(1)壓強(qiáng)(2)雜質(zhì)。
聲現(xiàn)象
1.聲音的發(fā)生：由物體的振動而產(chǎn)生。振動停止，發(fā)聲也停止。
2.聲音的傳播：聲音靠介質(zhì)傳播。真空不能傳聲。通常我們聽到的聲音是靠空氣傳來的。
3.聲速：在空氣中傳播速度是：340米/秒。聲音在固體傳播比液體快，而在液體傳播又比空氣體快。
4.利用回聲可測距離：S=1/2vt
5.樂音的三個特征：音調(diào)、響度、音色。(1)音調(diào):是指聲音的高低，它與發(fā)聲體的頻率有關(guān)系。(2)響度:是指聲音的大小，跟發(fā)聲體的振幅、聲源與聽者的距離有關(guān)系。
6.減弱噪聲的途徑：(1)在聲源處減弱;(2)在傳播過程中減弱;(3)在人耳處減弱。
7.可聽聲：頻率在20Hz～20000Hz之間的聲波：超聲波：頻率高于20000Hz的聲波;次聲波：頻率低于20Hz的聲波。
8.超聲波特點(diǎn)：方向性好、穿透能力強(qiáng)、聲能較集中。具體應(yīng)用有：聲吶、B超、超聲波速度測定器、超聲波清洗器、超聲波焊接器等。
9.次聲波的特點(diǎn)：可以傳播很遠(yuǎn)，很容易繞過障礙物，而且無孔不入。一定強(qiáng)度的次聲波對人體會造成危害，甚至毀壞機(jī)械建筑等。它主要產(chǎn)生于自然界中的火山爆發(fā)、海嘯地震等，另外人類制造的火箭發(fā)射、飛機(jī)飛行、火車汽車的奔馳、核爆炸等也能產(chǎn)生次聲波。
光現(xiàn)象知識點(diǎn)
1.光源：自身能夠發(fā)光的物體叫光源。
2.光的直線傳播：光在均勻介質(zhì)中是沿直線傳播。小孔成像條件：孔要足夠小特點(diǎn)：倒立、相似、與小孔形狀無關(guān)。
3.光在真空中傳播速度最大，是3×10米/秒，而在空氣中傳播速度也認(rèn)為是3×10米/秒。
4.我們能看到不發(fā)光的物體是因?yàn)檫@些物體反射的光射入了我們的眼睛。
5.光的反射定律：反射光線與入射光線、法線在同一平面上，反射光線與入射光線分居法線兩側(cè)，反射角等于入射角。(注：光路是可逆的)
鏡面反射VS漫反射：鏡面反射：平行光照射到光滑界面時，反射光線依然平行。
漫反射：平行光照射到凹凸不平的界面時，反射光線向四面八方散開。
漫反射和鏡面反射一樣遵循光的反射定律。
6.平面鏡成像特點(diǎn)：
(1)平面鏡成的是虛像;
(2)像與物體大小相等;
(3)像與物體到鏡面的距離相等;
(4)像與物體的連線與鏡面垂直。另外，平面鏡里成的像與物體左右倒置。
7.實(shí)像：由光線匯聚而成;虛像：一種視覺感覺，并不是由實(shí)際光線匯聚而成。
8.平面鏡應(yīng)用：(1)成像;(2)改變光路;(3)增大視覺空間。
9.平面鏡在生活中使用不當(dāng)會造成光污染。
10.球面鏡包括凸面鏡(凸鏡，發(fā)散光線)和凹面鏡(凹鏡，匯聚光線)，它們都能成像。具體應(yīng)用有：車輛的后視鏡、商場中的反光鏡是凸面鏡;手電筒的反光罩、太陽灶、醫(yī)術(shù)戴在眼睛上的反光鏡是凹面鏡。
11.光的折射：光從一種介質(zhì)斜射入另一種介質(zhì)時，傳播方向一般發(fā)生變化的現(xiàn)象。
12.光的折射規(guī)律：光從空氣斜射入水或其他介質(zhì)，折射光線與入射光線、法線在同一平面上;折射光線和入射光線分居法線兩側(cè)，折射角小于入射角;入射角增大時，折射角也隨著增大;當(dāng)光線垂直射向介質(zhì)表面時，傳播方向不改變。(折射光路也是可逆的)
13.太陽光是由紅、橙、黃、綠、藍(lán)、靛、紫組成的。
14.光的三原色是：紅、綠、藍(lán);顏料的三原色是：紅、黃、藍(lán)。
物態(tài)變化
1.溫度：是指物體的冷熱程度。測量的工具是溫度計,溫度計是根據(jù)液體的熱脹冷縮的原理制成的。
2.攝氏溫度(℃):單位是攝氏度。1攝氏度的規(guī)定：把冰水混合物溫度規(guī)定為0度，把一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓下沸水的溫度規(guī)定為100度，在0度和100度之間分成100等分，每一等分為1℃。
3.常見的溫度計有(1)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用溫度計;(2)體溫計;(3)寒暑表。
體溫計：測量范圍是35℃至42℃，每一小格是0.1℃。
4.溫度計使用：(1)使用前應(yīng)觀察它的量程和最小刻度值;(2)使用時溫度計玻璃泡要全部浸入被測液體中，不要碰到容器底或容器壁;(3)待溫度計示數(shù)穩(wěn)定后再讀數(shù);(4)讀數(shù)時玻璃泡要繼續(xù)留在被測液體中，視線與溫度計中液柱的上表面相平。
5.固體、液體、氣體是物質(zhì)存在的三種狀態(tài)。
6.熔化：物質(zhì)從固態(tài)變成液態(tài)的過程叫熔化。要吸熱。
7.凝固：物質(zhì)從液態(tài)變成固態(tài)的過程叫凝固。要放熱.
8.熔點(diǎn)和凝固點(diǎn)：晶體熔化時保持不變的溫度叫熔點(diǎn);。晶體凝固時保持不變的溫度叫凝固點(diǎn)。晶體的熔點(diǎn)和凝固點(diǎn)相同。
9.晶體和非晶體的重要區(qū)別：晶體都有一定的熔化溫度(即熔點(diǎn))，而非晶體沒有熔點(diǎn)。
壓強(qiáng)知識歸納
1.壓力:垂直作用在物體表面上的力叫壓力。
2.壓強(qiáng):物體單位面積上受到的壓力叫壓強(qiáng)。
3.壓強(qiáng)公式:P=F/S，式中p單位是:帕斯卡，簡稱:帕，1帕=1牛/米2，壓力F單位是:牛;受力面積S單位是:米2
4.增大壓強(qiáng)方法:(1)S不變，F(xiàn)↑;(2)F不變，S↓
(3)同時把F↑，S↓，而減小壓強(qiáng)方法則相反。
液體壓強(qiáng)
1.液體壓強(qiáng)產(chǎn)生原因:是因液體受到重力。使用液體壓強(qiáng)計(U型管壓強(qiáng)計)測量液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)。
2.液體壓強(qiáng)特點(diǎn):
(1)液體對容器底和壁都有壓強(qiáng);
(2)液體內(nèi)部向各個方向都有壓強(qiáng);
(3)液體的壓強(qiáng)隨深度增加而增大，在同一深度，液體向各個方向的壓強(qiáng)相等;
(4)不同液體的壓強(qiáng)還跟密度有關(guān)系。
3.液體壓強(qiáng)計算公式:(ρ是液體密度，單位是千克/米3;g=9.8牛/千克;h是深度，指液體自由液面到液體內(nèi)部某點(diǎn)的豎直距離，單位是米)
4.根據(jù)液體壓強(qiáng)公式:可得，液體的壓強(qiáng)與液體的密度和深度有關(guān)，而與液體的體積和質(zhì)量無關(guān)。
5.流體壓強(qiáng)大小與流速關(guān)系:在流體中流速越大地方，壓強(qiáng)越小;流速越小的.地方，壓強(qiáng)越大。
6.流體壓強(qiáng)大小與流速關(guān)系:在流體中流速越大地方，壓強(qiáng)越小;流速越小的地方，壓強(qiáng)越大。
拓展閱讀：初中物理學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)技巧
物理概念和術(shù)語是學(xué)習(xí)物理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，只有熟練掌握才能抓住問題的實(shí)質(zhì)和關(guān)鍵。學(xué)習(xí)物理概念的方法有五種：
(1)分類法。對所學(xué)概念進(jìn)行分類，找出它們的相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)，初中物理學(xué)的概念可分為四小類①概念的物理量是幾個物理量的積，例如：功、熱量;②概念是幾個物理量的比值，如：速度、密度、壓強(qiáng)、功率、效率;③概念反應(yīng)物質(zhì)的屬性，例如：密度、比熱、燃燒值、熔點(diǎn)、沸點(diǎn)、電阻率、摩擦系數(shù)等;④概念沒有定義式，只是描述性的，如力、沸點(diǎn)、溫度。
(2)對比法。對于反映兩個互為可逆的物理量可用這種方法進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，例如：熔解與凝固、汽化與液化、升華與凝華、有用功與額外功。
(3)比較法。對于概念中有相同字眼的相似相關(guān)概念利用相比較學(xué)習(xí)的方法可以找出相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)，建立內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。例如"重力"與"壓力"、"壓力與壓強(qiáng)"、"功與功率"、"功率與效率""虛像與實(shí)像"、"放大與變大"等。
(4)歸類法。把相關(guān)聯(lián)的概念進(jìn)行分組比較便于形成知識系統(tǒng)。例如：①力、重力、壓力、浮力、平衡力、作用力與反作用力。②速度、效率、功率、壓強(qiáng)。③杠桿、支點(diǎn)、動力、阻力、動力臂、阻力臂、力的作用線。④熔解、液化、蒸發(fā)、沸騰、汽化、液化、升華、凝華。⑤串聯(lián)、并聯(lián)、混聯(lián)。⑥通路、短路、斷路。⑦能、機(jī)械能、功能、勢能。
(5)要點(diǎn)法。抓住概念中關(guān)鍵字眼進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，例如"重力"由于地球的吸引而受到的豎直向上的力叫重力，這個概念中"地球的吸引""豎直向下"就是關(guān)鍵字眼，值得反復(fù)回味和理解。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)2
一、文學(xué)常識
史鐵生，1951年生于北京，著名小說家。16歲畢業(yè)于北京清華大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)。18歲去陜北延安插隊。21歲因病致癱，轉(zhuǎn)回北京。23歲起到北京某街道工廠做了7年的工人。后又患尿毒癥，靠透析維持生命。28歲發(fā)表第一篇小說《法學(xué)教授及其夫人》，以后陸續(xù)發(fā)表中、短篇小說，散文多篇，其散文《我與地壇》被公認(rèn)為中國近50年來最優(yōu)秀的散文之一。小說《老屋小記》獲首屆魯迅文學(xué)獎。
二、拼音
tān huàn shì xiǔ qiáo cuì
癱 瘓 侍弄 整宿 憔 悴
shàn wān jué màn
仿膳 豌豆 訣別 爛漫
fù xù dāo
翻來覆去 絮絮叨叨
三、詞語
侍弄：經(jīng)營照管
憔悴：形容人瘦弱，面色不好看
訣別：多指不再相見的分別
絮絮叨叨：形容說話啰嗦，嘮叨。
喜出望外：遇到出乎意料的`事情而特別高興。
四、段落劃分
第一部分（1）：母親忍受著病痛的折磨，對“我”百般撫慰。
第二部分（2—5）：母親準(zhǔn)備帶“我”去看菊花時，因病去世了。
第三部分（6）：妹妹推“我”去北海賞菊，表達(dá)了對母親的懷念。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)3
1、基數(shù)詞one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen
2、序數(shù)詞first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)4
第一章：豐富的圖形世界
1、幾何圖形
從實(shí)物中抽象出來的各種圖形，包括立體圖形和平面圖形。
2、點(diǎn)、線、面、體
①幾何圖形的組成
點(diǎn)：線和線相交的地方是點(diǎn)，它是幾何圖形中最基本的圖形。
線：面和面相交的地方是線，分為直線和曲線。
面：包圍著體的是面，分為平面和曲面。
體：幾何體也簡稱體。
�、邳c(diǎn)動成線，線動成面，面動成體。
3、生活中的立體圖形
生活中的立體圖形（按名稱分）
柱：
①圓柱
�、诶庵喝庵⑺睦庵ㄩL方體、正方體）、五棱柱、……
錐：
①圓錐
�、诶忮F
球
4、棱柱及其有關(guān)概念：
棱：在棱柱中，任何相鄰兩個面的交線，都叫做棱。
側(cè)棱：相鄰兩個側(cè)面的交線叫做側(cè)棱。
n棱柱有兩個底面，n個側(cè)面，共（n+2）個面；3n條棱，n條側(cè)棱；2n個頂點(diǎn)。
5、正方體的平面展開圖：
11種（經(jīng)�？迹嚎荚囆问剑赫归_的圖形能否圍成正方體；正方體對面圖案）
6、截一個正方體：
用一個平面去截一個正方體，截出的面可能是三角形，四邊形，五邊形，六邊形。
7、三視圖：
物體的三視圖指主視圖、俯視圖、左視圖。
主視圖：從正面看到的圖，叫做主視圖。
左視圖：從左面看到的圖，叫做左視圖。
俯視圖：從上面看到的圖，叫做俯視圖。
第二章：有理數(shù)及其運(yùn)算
1、有理數(shù)的分類
�、僬欣頂�(shù)
有理數(shù){ ②零
�、圬�(fù)有理數(shù)
有理數(shù){ ①整數(shù)
②分?jǐn)?shù)
2、相反數(shù)：
只有符號不同的兩個數(shù)叫做互為相反數(shù)，零的相反數(shù)是零
3、數(shù)軸：
規(guī)定了原點(diǎn)、正方向和單位長度的直線叫做數(shù)軸（畫數(shù)軸時，三要素缺一不可）。任何一個有理數(shù)都可以用數(shù)軸上的一個點(diǎn)來表示。
4、倒數(shù)：
如果a與b互為倒數(shù)，則有ab=1，反之亦成立。倒數(shù)等于本身的數(shù)是1和—1。零沒有倒數(shù)。
5、絕對值：
在數(shù)軸上，一個數(shù)所對應(yīng)的點(diǎn)與原點(diǎn)的距離，叫做該數(shù)的絕對值，（|a|≥0）。
若|a|=a，則a≥0；
若|a|=-a，則a≤0。
正數(shù)的絕對值是它本身；
負(fù)數(shù)的絕對值是它的相反數(shù)；
0的絕對值是0。
互為相反數(shù)的兩個數(shù)的絕對值相等。
6、有理數(shù)比較大�。�
正數(shù)大于0，負(fù)數(shù)小于0，正數(shù)大于負(fù)數(shù)；
數(shù)軸上的兩個點(diǎn)所表示的數(shù)，右邊的總比左邊的大；
兩個負(fù)數(shù)，絕對值大的反而小。
7、有理數(shù)的運(yùn)算：
�、傥宸N運(yùn)算：加、減、乘、除、乘方
多個數(shù)相乘，積的符號由負(fù)因數(shù)的個數(shù)決定，當(dāng)負(fù)因數(shù)有奇數(shù)個時，積的符號為負(fù)；當(dāng)負(fù)因數(shù)有偶數(shù)個時，積的符號為正。只要有一個數(shù)為零，積就為零。
有理數(shù)加法法則：
同號兩數(shù)相加，取相同的符號，并把絕對值相加。
異號兩數(shù)相加，絕對值值相等時和為0；
絕對值不相等時，取絕對值較大的加數(shù)的符號，并用較大的絕對值減去較小的絕對值。
一個數(shù)同0相加，仍得這個數(shù)。
互為相反數(shù)的兩個數(shù)相加和為0。
有理數(shù)減法法則：
減去一個數(shù)，等于加上這個數(shù)的相反數(shù)！
有理數(shù)乘法法則：
兩數(shù)相乘，同號得正，異號得負(fù)，并把絕對值相乘。
任何數(shù)與0相乘，積仍為0。
有理數(shù)除法法則：
兩個有理數(shù)相除，同號得正，異號得負(fù)，并把絕對值相除。
0除以任何非0的數(shù)都得0。
注意：0不能作除數(shù)。
有理數(shù)的乘方：求n個相同因數(shù)a的積的運(yùn)算叫做乘方。
正數(shù)的任何次冪都是正數(shù)，負(fù)數(shù)的偶次冪是正數(shù)，負(fù)數(shù)的奇次冪是負(fù)數(shù)。
�、谟欣頂�(shù)的運(yùn)算順序
先算乘方，再算乘除，最后算加減，如果有括號，先算括號里面的。
�、圻\(yùn)算律（5種）
加法交換律
加法結(jié)合律
乘法交換律
乘法結(jié)合律
乘法對加法的分配律
8、科學(xué)記數(shù)法
一般地，一個大于10的數(shù)可以表示成a×
10n的形式，其中1≦n<10，n是正整數(shù)，這種記數(shù)方法叫做科學(xué)記數(shù)法。（n=整數(shù)位數(shù)—1）
第三章：整式及其加減
1、代數(shù)式
用運(yùn)算符號（加、減、乘、除、乘方、開方等）把數(shù)或表示數(shù)的字母連接而成的式子叫做代數(shù)式。單獨(dú)的一個數(shù)或一個字母也是代數(shù)式。
注意：
�、俅鷶�(shù)式中除了含有數(shù)、字母和運(yùn)算符號外，還可以有括號；
②代數(shù)式中不含有“=、>、<、≠”等符號。等式和不等式都不是代數(shù)式，但等號和不等號兩邊的式子一般都是代數(shù)式；
�、鄞鷶�(shù)式中的字母所表示的數(shù)必須要使這個代數(shù)式有意義，是實(shí)際問題的'要符合實(shí)際問題的意義。
代數(shù)式的書寫格式：
�、俅鷶�(shù)式中出現(xiàn)乘號，通常省略不寫，如vt；
�、跀�(shù)字與字母相乘時，數(shù)字應(yīng)寫在字母前面，如4a；
�、蹘Х�?jǐn)?shù)與字母相乘時，應(yīng)先把帶分?jǐn)?shù)化成假分?jǐn)?shù)。
�、軘�(shù)字與數(shù)字相乘，一般仍用“×”號，即“×”號不省略；
�、菰诖鷶�(shù)式中出現(xiàn)除法運(yùn)算時，一般寫成分?jǐn)?shù)的形式；注意：分?jǐn)?shù)線具有“÷”號和括號的雙重作用。
⑥在表示和（或）差的代數(shù)式后有單位名稱的，則必須把代數(shù)式括起來，再將單位名稱寫在式子的后面。
2、整式：單項式和多項式統(tǒng)稱為整式。
�、賳雾検剑�
都是數(shù)字和字母乘積的形式的代數(shù)式叫做單項式。單項式中，所有字母的指數(shù)之和叫做這個單項式的次數(shù)；數(shù)字因數(shù)叫做這個單項式的系數(shù)。
注意：
單獨(dú)的一個數(shù)或一個字母也是單項式；
單獨(dú)一個非零數(shù)的次數(shù)是0；
當(dāng)單項式的系數(shù)為1或—1時，這個“1”應(yīng)省略不寫，如—ab的系數(shù)是—1，a3b的系數(shù)是1。
�、诙囗検剑�
幾個單項式的和叫做多項式。多項式中，每個單項式叫做多項式的項；次數(shù)最高的項的次數(shù)叫做多項式的次數(shù)。
③同類項：
所含字母相同，并且相同字母的指數(shù)也相同的項叫做同類項。
注意：
�、偻愴椨袃蓚�條件：a。所含字母相同；b。相同字母的指數(shù)也相同。
②同類項與系數(shù)無關(guān)，與字母的排列順序無關(guān)；
�、蹘讉�常數(shù)項也是同類項。
4、合并同類項法則：
把同類項的系數(shù)相加，字母和字母的指數(shù)不變。
5、去括號法則
①根據(jù)去括號法則去括號：
括號前面是“+”號，把括號和它前面的“+”號去掉，括號里各項都不改變符號；括號前面是“—”號，把括號和它前面的“—”號去掉，括號里各項都改變符號。
�、诟鶕�(jù)分配律去括號：
括號前面是“+”號看成+1，括號前面是“—”號看成—1，根據(jù)乘法的分配律用+1或—1去乘括號里的每一項以達(dá)到去括號的目的。
6、添括號法則
添“+”號和括號，添到括號里的各項符號都不改變；添“—”號和括號，添到括號里的各項符號都要改變。
7、整式的運(yùn)算：
整式的加減法：（1）去括號；（2）合并同類項。
第四章基本平面圖形
1、線段、射線、直線
名稱
表示方法
端點(diǎn)
長度
直線
直線AB（或BA）
直線l
無端點(diǎn)
無法度量
射線
射線OM
1個
無法度量
線段
線段AB（或BA）
線段l
2個
可度量長度
2、直線的性質(zhì)
①直線公理：經(jīng)過兩個點(diǎn)有且只有一條直線。（兩點(diǎn)確定一條直線。）
�、谶^一點(diǎn)的直線有無數(shù)條。
③直線是是向兩方面無限延伸的，無端點(diǎn)，不可度量，不能比較大小。
3、線段的性質(zhì)
①線段公理：兩點(diǎn)之間的所有連線中，線段最短。（兩點(diǎn)之間線段最短。）
②兩點(diǎn)之間的距離：兩點(diǎn)之間線段的長度，叫做這兩點(diǎn)之間的距離。
�、劬�段的大小關(guān)系和它們的長度的大小關(guān)系是一致的。
4、線段的中點(diǎn)：
點(diǎn)M把線段AB分成相等的兩條相等的線段AM與BM，點(diǎn)M叫做線段AB的中點(diǎn)。AM = BM =1/2AB （或AB=2AM=2BM）。
5、角：
有公共端點(diǎn)的兩條射線組成的圖形叫做角，兩條射線的公共端點(diǎn)叫做這個角的頂點(diǎn)，這兩條射線叫做這個角的邊�；颍航且部梢钥闯墒且粭l射線繞著它的端點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)而成的。
6、角的表示
角的表示方法有以下四種：
①用數(shù)字表示單獨(dú)的角，如∠1，∠2，∠3等。
�、谟眯懙南ＥD字母表示單獨(dú)的一個角，如∠α，∠β，∠γ，∠θ等。
�、塾靡粋�大寫英文字母表示一個獨(dú)立（在一個頂點(diǎn)處只有一個角）的角，如∠B，∠C等。
�、苡萌齻�大寫英文字母表示任一個角，如∠BAD，∠BAE，∠CAE等。
注意：用三個大寫字母表示角時，一定要把頂點(diǎn)字母寫在中間，邊上的字母寫在兩側(cè)。
7、角的度量
角的度量有如下規(guī)定：把一個平角180等分，每一份就是1度的角，單位是度，用“°”表示，1度記作“1°”，n度記作“n°”。
把1°的角60等分，每一份叫做1分的角，1分記作“1’”。
把1’的角60等分，每一份叫做1秒的角，1秒記作“1””。
1°=60’，1’=60”
8、角的平分線
從一個角的頂點(diǎn)引出的一條射線，把這個角分成兩個相等的角，這條射線叫做這個角的平分線。
9、角的性質(zhì)
�、俳堑拇笮∨c邊的長短無關(guān)，只與構(gòu)成角的兩條射線的幅度大小有關(guān)。
�、诮堑拇笮】梢远攘�，可以比較，角可以參與運(yùn)算。
10、平角和周角：
一條射線繞著它的端點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)，當(dāng)終邊和始邊成一條直線時，所形成的角叫做平角。
終邊繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，當(dāng)它又和始邊重合時，所形成的角叫做周角。
11、多邊形：
由若干條不在同一條直線上的線段首尾順次相連組成的'封閉平面圖形叫做多邊形。
連接不相鄰兩個頂點(diǎn)的線段叫做多邊形的對角線。
從一個n邊形的同一個頂點(diǎn)出發(fā)，分別連接這個頂點(diǎn)與其余各頂點(diǎn)，可以畫（n—3）條對角線，把這個n邊形分割成（n—2）個三角形。
12、圓：
平面上，一條線段繞著一個端點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)一周，另一個端點(diǎn)形成的圖形叫做圓。
固定的端點(diǎn)O稱為圓心，線段OA的長稱為半徑的長（通常簡稱為半徑）。
圓上任意兩點(diǎn)A、B間的部分叫做圓弧，簡稱弧，讀作“圓弧AB”或“弧AB”；
由一條弧AB和經(jīng)過這條弧的端點(diǎn)的兩條半徑OA、OB所組成的圖形叫做扇形。
頂點(diǎn)在圓心的角叫做圓心角。
第五章一元一次方程
1、方程
含有未知數(shù)的等式叫做方程。
2、方程的解
能使方程左右兩邊相等的未知數(shù)的值叫做方程的解。
3、等式的性質(zhì)
�、俚仁降膬蛇呁瑫r加上（或減去）同一個代數(shù)式，所得結(jié)果仍是等式。
�、诘仁降膬蛇呁瑫r乘以同一個數(shù)（（或除以同一個不為0的數(shù)），所得結(jié)果仍是等式。
4、一元一次方程
只含有一個未知數(shù)，并且未知數(shù)的最高次數(shù)是1的整式方程叫做一元一次方程。
5、移項：
把方程中的某一項，改變符號后，從方程的一邊移到另一邊，這種變形叫做移項。
6、解一元一次方程的一般步驟：
�、偃シ帜�
�、谌ダㄌ�
�、垡祈棧ò逊匠讨械哪骋豁椄淖兎柡�，從方程的一邊移到另一邊，這種變形叫移項。）
�、芎喜⑼愴�
�、輰⑽粗獢�(shù)的系數(shù)化為1
第六章數(shù)據(jù)的收集與整理
1、普查與抽樣調(diào)查
為了特定目的對全部考察對象進(jìn)行的全面調(diào)查，叫做普查。
其中被考察對象的全體叫做總體，組成總體的每一個被考察對象稱為個體。
從總體中抽取部分個體進(jìn)行調(diào)查，這種調(diào)查稱為抽樣調(diào)查，其中從總體抽取的一部分個體叫做總體的一個樣本。
2、扇形統(tǒng)計圖
扇形統(tǒng)計圖：利用圓與扇形來表示總體與部分的關(guān)系，扇形的大小反映部分占總體的百分比的大小，這樣的統(tǒng)計圖叫做扇形統(tǒng)計圖。（各個扇形所占的百分比之和為1）
圓心角度數(shù)=360°×該項所占的百分比。（各個部分的圓心角度數(shù)之和為360°）
3、頻數(shù)直方圖
頻數(shù)直方圖是一種特殊的條形統(tǒng)計圖，它將統(tǒng)計對象的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分組畫在橫軸上，縱軸表示各組數(shù)據(jù)的頻數(shù)。
4、各種統(tǒng)計圖的特點(diǎn)
條形統(tǒng)計圖：能清楚地表示出每個項目的具體數(shù)目。
折線統(tǒng)計圖：能清楚地反映事物的變化情況。
扇形統(tǒng)計圖：能清楚地表示出各部分在總體中所占的百分比。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)5
(1)凡能寫成形式的數(shù)，都是有理數(shù).正整數(shù)、0、負(fù)整數(shù)統(tǒng)稱整數(shù);正分?jǐn)?shù)、負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)稱分?jǐn)?shù);整數(shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)稱有理數(shù).注意：0即不是正數(shù)，也不是負(fù)數(shù);-a不一定是負(fù)數(shù)，+a也不一定是正數(shù);p不是有理數(shù);
(2)有理數(shù)的分類:①整數(shù)②分?jǐn)?shù)
(3)注意：有理數(shù)中，1、0、-1是三個特殊的數(shù)，它們有自己的特性;這三個數(shù)把數(shù)軸上的數(shù)分成四個區(qū)域，這四個區(qū)域的數(shù)也有自己的'特性;
(4)自然數(shù)0和正整數(shù);a>0a是正數(shù);a<0a是負(fù)數(shù);
a≥0a是正數(shù)或0a是非負(fù)數(shù);a≤0?a是負(fù)數(shù)或0a是非正數(shù).
有理數(shù)比大�。�
(1)正數(shù)的絕對值越大，這個數(shù)越大;
(2)正數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)比0大，負(fù)數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)比0小;
(3)正數(shù)大于一切負(fù)數(shù);
(4)兩個負(fù)數(shù)比大小，絕對值大的反而小;
(5)數(shù)軸上的兩個數(shù)，右邊的數(shù)總比左邊的數(shù)大;
(6)大數(shù)-小數(shù)>0，小數(shù)-大數(shù)<0.
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)6
(1)凡能寫成 形式的數(shù)，都是有理數(shù).正整數(shù)、0、負(fù)整數(shù)統(tǒng)稱整數(shù);正分?jǐn)?shù)、負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)稱分?jǐn)?shù);整數(shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)稱有理數(shù).注意：0即不是正數(shù)，也不是負(fù)數(shù);-a不一定是負(fù)數(shù)，+a也不一定是正數(shù);p不是有理數(shù);
(2)有理數(shù)的分類: ① 整數(shù) ②分?jǐn)?shù)
(3)注意：有理數(shù)中，1、0、-1是三個特殊的數(shù)，它們有自己的特性;這三個數(shù)把數(shù)軸上的數(shù)分成四個區(qū)域，這四個區(qū)域的數(shù)也有自己的.特性;
(4)自然數(shù) 0和正整數(shù);a0 a是正數(shù);a0 a是負(fù)數(shù);
a≥0 a是正數(shù)或0 a是非負(fù)數(shù);a≤ 0 ? a是負(fù)數(shù)或0 a是非正數(shù).
有理數(shù)比大小：
(1)正數(shù)的絕對值越大，這個數(shù)越大;
(2)正數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)比0大，負(fù)數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)比0小;
(3)正數(shù)大于一切負(fù)數(shù);
(4)兩個負(fù)數(shù)比大小，絕對值大的反而小;
(5)數(shù)軸上的兩個數(shù)，右邊的數(shù)總比左邊的數(shù)大;
(6)大數(shù)-小數(shù) 0，小數(shù)-大數(shù) 0.
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)7
一、種子的萌發(fā)條件：
1、環(huán)境條件：適宜的溫度、一定的水分、充足的空氣
2、自身條件：具有完整的有生命力的胚，不處于休眠期。
二、測定種子的'發(fā)芽率
發(fā)芽的種子數(shù)
1、發(fā)芽率=————————*100%
共檢測的種子數(shù)
2、發(fā)芽率應(yīng)達(dá)到90%以上，才能播種。
三、種子萌發(fā)的過程
種子先吸收水分。子葉或胚乳中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給胚根、胚芽、胚軸。隨后，胚根先突破種皮，發(fā)育成根。胚軸伸長(發(fā)育成根莖相連的部分)，胚芽發(fā)育成莖、葉。(注：食用豆芽的白胖部分是由胚軸發(fā)育來的)
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)8
1、情趣和興趣的關(guān)系?【主要理解兩者的聯(lián)系】
答：情趣是以興趣為基礎(chǔ)而產(chǎn)生的，沒有興趣就談不上情趣;同時，情趣通過興趣表現(xiàn)出來。
2、什么是高雅情趣?
答：高雅情趣體現(xiàn)了一個人對美好生活的追求、樂觀的生活態(tài)度和健康的心理。
3、生活情趣有什么作用?
答：情趣能使我們因?qū)W習(xí)緊繃的神經(jīng)得以放松，疲勞得以解除，能使我們充分感受生活中的美，使我們即使在比較艱苦的環(huán)境中也能讓生活充滿歡樂。
4、高雅情趣對人生的意義或作用?
答：高雅的生活情趣，有益于個人的身心健康，符合現(xiàn)代化的要求，也合科學(xué)精神和科學(xué)生活的要求，它對個人的發(fā)展有促進(jìn)作用，能夠形成樂觀自信、活潑開朗的健康心理。從而使人更加熱愛生活。
5、低俗生活情趣有什么危害?
答：生活情趣低俗的人，往往看不到生活的豐富多彩，看不到生活的美好遠(yuǎn)景，只看到眼前的事物，只圖暫時的感官快樂。低級，庸俗的生活情趣，不利于青少年的身心發(fā)展，甚至損害身心健康。
6、如何追尋高雅生活?
�、倥囵B(yǎng)樂觀、幽默的生活態(tài)度;
�、谏朴趯⒑闷嫘霓D(zhuǎn)化為濃厚的興趣，從而培養(yǎng)高雅生活情趣;
�、鄯e極參加豐富的文化生活;
�、芴嵘槿�、陶冶情操。
7、高尚情操的表現(xiàn)有哪些?
�、贌釔圩鎳那楦�。
�、趷圩o(hù)集體的情感。
�、鄢袚�(dān)責(zé)任的情感�？锓稣x的情感。
8、怎樣對待好奇心理?
答：我們不能僅僅停留在好奇上，還要善于將好奇心轉(zhuǎn)化為深厚的興趣，從而培養(yǎng)自己的高雅的生活情趣。
9、怎樣看待從眾心理?
答：我們要學(xué)會鑒別不同的情趣，"擇其善者而從之，其不善者而該之"。盲目從眾，跟著"群體"參加無意義甚至對身心健康有害的活動，會使我們陷入庸俗的生活情趣中，不利于我們身心的健康發(fā)展。
10、幾個知識點(diǎn)的'詳解：
1）、高雅的生活情趣不是天生的。它來源于對生活的熱愛、對生活積極的和美的感受。
2）、樂觀、幽默的生活態(tài)度是陶冶高雅生活情趣的重要條件。
3）、豐富的文化生活是陶冶高雅生活情趣的重要途徑。
4）、我們的基本任務(wù)和主要生活內(nèi)容是學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)文化知識，在德智體美各方面發(fā)展和提高自己。
5）、情操：一種價值追求的情感。
6）、情趣：性情和志趣，包含了一定的精神寄托和思想追求。如下棋情趣、養(yǎng)花情趣、打球情趣、唱歌情趣、旅游情趣、編織情趣、讀書情趣、集郵情趣
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)9
本冊所學(xué)的形容詞不多，注意拼法和反義詞
big (small) long (short) sad (happy) boring (interestingfunny ) exciting difficult
relaxing great healthy old (new) successful white (black)
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)10
一、生物區(qū)別于非生物要看生命現(xiàn)象：
新陳代謝
2.生長發(fā)育
3.繁殖
4.遺傳變異
5.應(yīng)激性
病毒是個特殊的例子：病毒無細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)，繁殖方式是自我復(fù)制，寄生生活，所以是生物。
二、新陳代謝是其他各項生命活動的基礎(chǔ)。
三、探究實(shí)驗(yàn)要求設(shè)置對照裝置并且變量唯一。巴斯德最成功的地方是他動手設(shè)計了曲頸瓶。
四、顯微鏡的考點(diǎn)：
�、儆傻捅剁R換高倍鏡時視野變暗，物象變大，視野中的數(shù)目增多。
�、陲@微鏡最主要的結(jié)構(gòu)是目鏡和物鏡。③對光時用低倍的物鏡和遮光器上的大光圈對準(zhǔn)通光孔
�、苡^察裝片時：鏡筒下降時，操作者的眼睛注視物鏡，目的避免壓碎玻片標(biāo)本。
�、菰陲@微鏡視野中看到一個污點(diǎn)，你推測它可能存在的位置是目鏡、物鏡、玻片標(biāo)本。先轉(zhuǎn)目再移片
⑥物鏡放大倍數(shù)越大，鏡頭的長度越長。目鏡放大倍數(shù)越大，鏡頭的長度越短。
五、生物體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的基本單位是細(xì)胞。
動物細(xì)胞和植物細(xì)胞的區(qū)別是無細(xì)胞壁、葉綠體、液泡。
六、細(xì)胞分裂時，細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的遺傳物質(zhì)先復(fù)制。然后是細(xì)胞核一分為二，再然后是細(xì)胞質(zhì)分成兩份。
七、細(xì)胞分化的結(jié)果是產(chǎn)生了組織。例如：“麻雀雖小，五臟俱全”生物體內(nèi)存在不同的結(jié)構(gòu)主要是由于細(xì)胞分化的結(jié)果。
八、動物體比植物體多的結(jié)構(gòu)層次是系統(tǒng)。植物體的結(jié)構(gòu)層次：細(xì)胞 組織 器官 植物體。
九、鳥冬天換上白色的羽毛，大大減少了被捕食的機(jī)會，有的時候冬季少雪或遲下雪，這種情況下，雷鳥換上白色的羽毛反而容易被捕食，這說明①生物適應(yīng)環(huán)境②適應(yīng)的相對性。
十、俗話說：大樹底下好乘涼，即植物多的地方，空氣清新濕潤。這種現(xiàn)象說明生物影響環(huán)境。
十一、影響生物生活的因素是非生物因素和生物因素。
例如1、菊花在秋天開放，說明影響生物的因素是光照時間（非生物因素）。
2、草盛豆苗稀，影響生物生活的因素是：生物因素。
十二1、生長在水中的睡蓮，其根和莖都有發(fā)達(dá)并相通的氣腔，以滿足呼吸的需要。說明生物適應(yīng)環(huán)境。
2、冬青冬天郁郁蔥蔥，而其它樹的葉子都已經(jīng)掉落，這都是生物適應(yīng)環(huán)境的例子。
3、生物對每一種環(huán)境因素都有一定的耐受范圍。
十三、藻類植物無根莖葉的分化，其中水綿是多細(xì)胞的藻類；衣藻是單細(xì)胞；大氣中90%的氧氣是由藻類植物提供的。 （水綿葉綠體成帶狀）
十四、蕨類植物的地上部分是葉，有根莖葉的分化，有了輸導(dǎo)組織，生殖方式是孢子生殖。
十五、種子植物包括裸子植物和被子植物。
1、主要區(qū)別是種子外面有無果皮包被；
2、裸子植物的種子是裸露的。
3、松、衫、柏、銀杏是屬于裸子植物，但卷柏是屬于蕨類植物。
4、被子植物又叫做綠色開花植物，有根、莖、葉（營養(yǎng)器官）、花、果實(shí)、種子（生殖器官）六大器官。
十六、1、保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞和表皮細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別是保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞有葉綠體。
2、葉片結(jié)構(gòu)包括表皮、葉肉、葉脈。
3、氣孔的開關(guān)和閉合受保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞控制，氣孔主要分布在下表皮。保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞的形狀是半月形。
4、氣孔是植物體蒸騰失水的門戶，也是植物與外界進(jìn)行氣體交換的窗口。
5、蒸騰作用的強(qiáng)弱受光照強(qiáng)度、環(huán)境溫度、空氣濕度、空氣流動狀況的影響。
十七、蒸騰作用的意義:
1、蒸騰作用能促進(jìn)植物體從土壤中吸收水分；
2、促進(jìn)水分和無機(jī)鹽從根部輸送到莖葉等器官。
3、還能使植物體有效的散熱降溫。例如：小麥結(jié)果時，根系吸收的.水分主要用于蒸騰作用。移栽植物時一般要摘掉幾個葉片或選擇陰天、傍晚時移栽，目的是降低蒸騰作用。
十八、光合作用的實(shí)質(zhì)是合成有機(jī)物、儲存能量（把光能轉(zhuǎn)化為儲存在有機(jī)物中的化學(xué)能）。而呼吸作用的實(shí)質(zhì)是分解有機(jī)物、釋放能量，作用是為細(xì)胞的生命活動提供能量。例如：新鮮的蘋果需要用保鮮袋包裝起來，目的是降低呼吸作用。
十九、地球上所有生物能量的最終是太陽能。例如牛吃的是草，擠出來的是奶，牛奶里有機(jī)物中的能量最終于太陽能。兔子吃草，狼吃兔子，狼體內(nèi)的有機(jī)物中的能量最終于太陽能。
二十、
動物類別代表動物運(yùn)動呼吸體溫其他
環(huán)節(jié)動物蚯蚓剛毛和肌肉濕潤的體壁變
溫如何區(qū)分蚯蚓的前后端？
節(jié)肢動物蝗蟲足和翅氣門（氣管）外骨骼的作用？
魚類鯽魚鰭鰓側(cè)線的作用
鳥類家鴿翼和足肺恒溫雙重呼吸？氣囊的作用？
哺乳類家兔足 肺特有結(jié)構(gòu)膈，胎生哺乳
二十一、鳥：1、嗉囊：暫時貯存和軟化食物2、肌胃：充分研磨和初步消化食物3、小腸：徹底消化。
二十二、哺乳動物的運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)包括：骨、骨連結(jié)、骨骼肌。關(guān)節(jié)的組成：關(guān)節(jié)面、關(guān)節(jié)腔、關(guān)節(jié)囊。
關(guān)節(jié)既牢固（關(guān)節(jié)囊及里外的韌帶），又靈活（關(guān)節(jié)軟骨，關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)有滑液）。 雙手提重物時，肱二頭肌和肱三頭肌都收縮。雙臂自然下垂時，肱二頭肌和肱三頭肌都舒張。
二十二、根據(jù)獲得的途徑，可以分為先天性行為（如蜜蜂采集花蜜、育雛期的母雞照顧小貓、繁殖期的小鳥給金魚喂食）和學(xué)習(xí)行為又叫后天性行為（如黑熊表演投籃球）。
二十三、動物在生物圈中的作用：
1、動物能促進(jìn)生物圈中的物質(zhì)的循環(huán)。
2、動物的活動影響植物的繁衍生息。
3、動物對于維持生物圈的生物種類和數(shù)量的相對穩(wěn)定起著十分重要的作用。
二十四、病毒是一類沒有細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊生物。它們是由蛋白質(zhì)外殼和內(nèi)部的遺傳物質(zhì)組成。
病毒必須寄生在活細(xì)胞內(nèi)才能生活和繁殖。病毒營養(yǎng)方式：寄生。繁殖方式：自我復(fù)制。
二十五、細(xì)菌結(jié)構(gòu)：基本結(jié)構(gòu)：細(xì)胞壁、細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)、未成形的細(xì)胞核。特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：鞭毛、莢膜。營養(yǎng)方式：異養(yǎng)，分腐生和寄生兩種。繁殖方式：分裂繁殖。
當(dāng)環(huán)境變得不利于細(xì)菌生長時，有些細(xì)菌能夠形成一個橢圓的休眠體，叫做芽孢。
二十六、真菌結(jié)構(gòu)：細(xì)胞壁、細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)、細(xì)胞核。
種類 ①單細(xì)胞真菌：如酵母菌。②多細(xì)胞真菌：如霉菌、曲霉、蘑菇，由菌絲構(gòu)成。
營養(yǎng)方式：異養(yǎng) 繁殖方式：大部分真菌孢子生殖
例題1、在一個裝片盒里，有一張細(xì)菌和一張酵母菌的永久裝片的標(biāo)簽脫落了，你可以依據(jù)什么把它們區(qū)分開來，重新貼上標(biāo)簽?zāi)兀?答：是否有成形的細(xì)胞核。
2、生物圈中處理垃圾的“清潔工”主要是什么？ 腐生的細(xì)菌和真菌。
二十七、細(xì)菌真菌在生物圈的作用是：促進(jìn)生物圈中的碳的循環(huán)和氮的循環(huán)。
二十八、生物學(xué)家根據(jù)生物的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、生活習(xí)性，把生物劃分為界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)11
1.目前世界上已知的最早的紙出現(xiàn)在西漢早期。
2.東漢改進(jìn)造紙術(shù)的重要?dú)v史人物是蔡倫。意義：世界各國的造紙術(shù)，大多是由我國直接或間接傳去的。造紙術(shù)的發(fā)明是我國人民對世界文化的巨大貢獻(xiàn)。
3.東漢時期的張衡制造的`地動儀。作用：測定地震的方向。是世界公認(rèn)的最早的地震儀器。
4.東漢華佗最早制成了“麻沸散”，是世界醫(yī)學(xué)史上的創(chuàng)舉。主要著作《五禽戲》。
5.東漢末年的張仲景著《傷寒雜病論》。書中闡述中醫(yī)理論和治病原則。他醫(yī)德高尚，醫(yī)術(shù)高明，后世尊稱他為“醫(yī)圣”。
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)12
定語從句：
�。ㄒ唬┗A(chǔ)：引導(dǎo)詞---who, which, that, whom,
練習(xí)1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working.
3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring.4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot.
5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy.
6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen.
7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading.
8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting.
（二）特例：只用that的情況
1、先行詞被___________或___________所修飾，或本身是______________________時，只能用that，
2.被修飾的先行詞為________________________________________________等不定代詞時,只能用that.
3.先行詞被_____________________________________________等詞修飾時，只能用that，而不用which。
4.先行詞里同時含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
5.以______________________引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，只能用that.如：Who is the girl that is crying?
練習(xí)1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 20xx World Cup.
2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost
4.To my surprise, he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used.
6. He was the first person _______passed the exam.
7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly.
（三）whose 1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there.
2. I like the rooms ______windows face south.3. This is the desk ______legs were broken.
4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.Here comes a girl ___ handwriting is the best .
6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old.
�。ㄋ模⿵木渲^語單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞確定，時態(tài)由從句時間狀語決定，不必跟主句保持一致。
1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t, don’t) finish doing homework.
2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting.
3-Children who often ____(eat) junk food are easy to become fat and unhealthy.
4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class.
5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China.
10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best.
(五)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”注意：介詞的選用要考慮：
A.與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系
1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here.
3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college.
B.與謂語動詞的搭配習(xí)慣
1）Have you found the book ________I paid 29 dollars?
2）Have you found the book ________I spent 29 dollars?
3) Have you found the book _____________we learnt a lot?
4) Have you found the book _______she often talks?
關(guān)系副詞的用法
練習(xí)：1. It must be a good place ________________we can do a lot of exercise.
2.This is the village _________________we visited last week.
3.The house _______ we live in is very big./ The house _______ we live is very big
4. The woman ___________ talked to you just now is a doctor. The woman ______ you talked to is my sister.
The woman to ___________ you talked is my sister. 5. This is the hospital ____________ I was born in.
This is the hospital in _________I was born. This is the hospital____________ I was born.
綜合練習(xí)一.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空
1. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. This is the present ____he gave me for my birthday.3.The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.
4. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.
5. There is nothing in the world ______can frighten him.6. We visited a factory _______makes toys for children.
7. Is this the place _______ your father once lived 8. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.
9The car______my father bought last month is beautiful.10The man______hair is white is his grandfather.
二( )1.Rosa likes music ___ is quiet and gentle. A. when B. that C. where D. who
( )2.--Is the girl _ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend--Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
( )3 Yao Ming is a famous basketball star ___ is playing in the NBA. A. whose B. who C. what D. which
( )4. The doctor ___I am waiting for is Mr. Smith. A. which B. whom C. whose D. why
( )5. --- Do you know Hong Zhanhui? ---Yes. He’s the college student ____ has moved Chinese people a lot.
A. who B. which C. what D. whom
( )6. In my family, my sister is the only person __ loves chocolate. A. which B. who C. whom D. she
( )7. This is the place ____ the old man lived last year. A. when B. where C. that D.which
( ) 8. The song ___ Jay Zhou sings are popular with students. A. why B. whom C. what D. which
( )9. The farmer was very thankful to the doctor ___ treated his son. A. what B. which C. who D. whose
( )10.I like to live in a house__ is big and bright. A. that B. who C. how D. why
( )11. The young lady ___ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A. what B. whose C. whom D. which
( )12. --Can you introduce the town to me? --OK. This is the town in __ I was born. A. that B. who C. which
( )13. Miss green is the only person __ can help you with your English. A. she B. whom C. which D. who
( )14. I like the second football match ___was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. /
( )15. Is there anything ____ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
( )16. I hate people ___ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they
( )17. This is the only book ___I am looking for. A. that B. which C. who D. whom
( )18 Her sister__ you met at my home was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that is C. which D. who is
( )19 The book__is sold out at the moment. A.you need Bwhat you need C.which you need it D that you need it
( )20 I'm one of the boys ______never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
( )21.__cleans the classroom can go home first. A. Anyone B. Those who C. However D. The one who
( )22. The old man __yesterday is a scientist.A.I spoke B. I spoke to C. whom I spoke D. that I spoke to him
中考定語從句真題演練
1.--- Is the girl __ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend? --Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
2. Do you still remember the movie _____ we saw last weekend? A. who B. what C. that D. whom
3. ---Who is your new English teacher? ---Elena, the woman ____ is wearing a red T-shirt over there.
A.不填B. whom C. whose D. who
4. Is that the man _____ helped us a lot after the earthquake? A. whose B. which C. when D. who
5. ---What are you looking for? --- I’m looking for the pen ___ I bought yesterday. A. who B. which C. whose
6. This is the novel_____ written by Guo Jingming. A. who B. what C. that D. /
7. We should be ready to help the people ____ are in trouble. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
8. Two years has passed, but Chinese people still remember those exciting days ____ they spent during the Beijing 20xx Olympic Games. A. that B. who C. when
9. The magician _____ played magic tricks in 20xx CCTV Spring Festival Gala is Liu Qian. He is popular in China now. A. whose B. who C. which
10. July likes music very much. She likes music ____ she can dance to. A. what B. who C. that
11. At school, you should do the things _____ are allowed by the teachers. A. that B. when C. what
12. Thought is the key _____ opens the doors of the world. A. why B. where C. which D. who
13. The gentlemen ___ are coming to my office tomorrow are my classmates many years ago.
A. whom B. who C. those D. which
14. That’s the man _____ house was destroyed in the storm. A. that B. whose C. who D. which
15. The girl ____ I just talked with is Ben’s sister. A. whom B. which C. she
16. I love people ____ are friendly to others. A. which B. whose C. what D. who
17. It’s time to say goodbye to my school. I’ll always remember the people _____ have helped me.
A. who B. what C. which D. where
18. I like the teacher ____ classes are very interesting and creative. A. which B. who C. what D. whose
19. Do you know the boy ____ is sitting next to Peter? ---Yes. He is Peter’s friend. They are celebrating his ____ birthday. A. who, ninth B. that, nineth C. /, nineth D. which, ninth
20.ShaolinTemple__lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors from abroad.A.where B.which C.who
二賓語從句
1賓語從句的學(xué)習(xí)要注意三個方面
第一：語序：在賓語從句中，一律用___________。
如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives?
***幾個特殊的特殊疑問句
Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What’s wrong with you?/ What’s up?/ What’s the matter?
這幾個特殊疑問句本身就是陳述語序,在賓語從句中不需調(diào)整語序。
第二：時態(tài); 1）如果主句是___________，賓語從句時態(tài)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定.
如：1. It’s going to rain. I think. ---I think it’s going to rain.
2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me.
3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago.
2）主句是___________，賓語從句要用___________。
如：It’s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain.
“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me.
3).若從句表達(dá)的是___________，規(guī)律，不管主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都用___________。
如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.
2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound.
第三：連接詞1)如果被連接的句子是___________，那么連接詞用___________, (也可省)
如1. He’ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month.
2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once.
2.)如果被連接的句子是___________,則用連接詞___________
如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house.
*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework.
3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如：Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for?
What did he do yesterday? I don’t know. ---I don’t know what he did yesterday.
***其中以wh-疑問詞或how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句與動詞不定式可相互轉(zhuǎn)換
如I don’t know what I can do.可以說成I don’t know what to do.
The policeman showed me where I could get books.可以說成The policeman showed me where to get books.
Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以說成Can you tell me how to make a kite?
4).賓語從句___________。在_________________________________等動詞所跟的.賓語中，如果從句謂語是否定的，一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移至主句謂語上去，而將從句謂語改為肯定形式。如：I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.
二．綜合練習(xí)
1．I want to know __
A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C．whom is she looking D．whom she is looking after
2．I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow．
A．when does he come B．how will he come C．if he comes D．whether he'll come
3．Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is？A．what B．how C．whether D．where
4．Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help？
A．how did he mend B．what did he mend C．how he mended D．what he mended
5．I don't know if he____ tomorrow. If he _____，I'll tell you．
A．comes, comes B．will come, will come C. will come, comes D. comes, will come
6．Do you know where _________ now？A．he lives B．does he live C．he lived D．did he live
7．Do you know what time ___？A．the train leave B．does the train leave C．will the train leave Dthe train leaves
8．I don't know _________．Can you tell me，please？A．how the two players are old
B．how old are the two players C．the two players are how old D．how old the two players are
9．The small children don't know _________．A．what is their stockings in
B．what is in their stockings C．where is their stockings in D．what in their stockings
10．I can't understand _________．A．what does Christmas mean B．what Christmas does mean
C．what mean Christmas does D．what Christmas means
11 . When the job______, let me know. A .do B .done C .is done D .finished
12 .She asked me if I knew__ .A .whose pen is it B .whose pen it was C whose pen it is D .whose pen was it 13 .Miss Li wants to know _____________next week . A .when my uncle leaves
B .when will my uncle leave C .where my uncle will stay D .where does my uncle stay
14 .Could you tell me ________________with the money ? A .how to do B .what should I do C .how I should do D .what I should do
中考賓語從句真題演練
( )1. Everyone can play an important role in the society．As members，we should try our best to do__.
A. what we should do B. what should we do C. how we should do
( )2. --I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. --Sorry. I don't know __.
A. what her name is B. what her job is C. what her number is D. when she left
( )3 —Can you tell me ______? —By doing more speaking. A how I will improve my English
B. which way can I choose C. how do I deal with my English D. what’s wrong with my English
( )4. How lovely the dog is ! Can you tell me _____?
A. where did you get it B. where will you get it C. where you got it
( )5.. --Excuse me, could you tell me ____ the book about aliens? --Sure, take the escalator to the second floor.
A. where I can buy B. where can I buy C. when can I buy D. when I can buy
( )6-“Do you know_ have our summer holiday?”-“Next week.”A.when will we B.when are weC. when we will
( )7 ---Do you know ____ the MP4 yesterday? -- Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much for
( )8--What time will Mr. Brown be back to China? -- Sorry. I don’t know ___.
A. when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back Dhow long he will stay abroad
（）9. You can’t image ___ when the pupils received these nice presents on Children’s Day.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
�。ǎ�10. –Can you tell me ______?–She is in the computer lab.
A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda
( )11. –Do you know _______ the Capital Museum? –Next Friday.
A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited
( )12. He wanted to know____the English party.
A. when will we have B. when we will have C. when would we have D. when we would have
( )13. I want to know_______.
A. when we should arrive at the airport B. when should we arrive at the airport
C. when the airport we should arrive at D. when the airport should we arrive at
( )14. –David, look at the man in white over there. Can you tell me_______? –He is a doctor.
A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is
( )15. –Do you know___the girl in red is? –I’m not sure. Maybe a teacher. A. when B. how C. where D. what
( )16. Your T-shirt is so cool. Could you tell me ________?
A. where you buy it B. where do you buy it C. where you bought it D. where did you buy it is
( )17. I really want to know ____ . A. what is wrong with my brother
B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday
( )18. Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ?
A.where is the bank nearestB. where is the nearest bankC.where the nearest bank isD. the nearest bank is where
( )19.Lily’s mother looked for her for half an hour, but couldn’t find ____.
A. What Lily was. B. What was Lily C. Where Lily was D. Where was Lily
( )20--Could you tell me___? He is wanted by the head teacher.--Sorry, I’ve no idea.But he _ here just now．
A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim，was C. where Tim is，was D．where Tim is，is
三、狀語從句：
一）.條件狀語從句：引導(dǎo)詞為:if, unless。
形式：
主句_______________,從句______________.
練習(xí)：1.I am waiting for my friend.____________, I’ll do shopping alone.
A.If she comes B.If she will come C.If she doesn’t come D.If she didn’t come
2.I am sure I can make it better, if our teacher _________me a second chance.A.give B.gave C.gives D.will give
3.The art club is for members only. You can’t go in___you are a member. A.unless B.Because C.if D.though
4.I ________the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow. A.will return B.returned C.have returned D.return
5. 1）You won’t pass the final exam ___________(除非)you work hard.
2) The children __________ climb the mountain if it __________________(不下雨)
3) _______________________if he comes. (給我打電話）
二）時間狀語從句：(常見從屬連詞有when,before, after, until, as soon as, while…)
1）As soon as he _____in Paris, he will call you. A.arrive B.arrived C.arrives
2）Don’t leave until the rain_______.A.stopped B.stops C.stopping D.stop
3）You can go skating after you ____A.finish the job B.finished the job C.finishing the job
4) I’ll tell her the good news when he _____ back. A.came B.comes C.come
5）Father was watching TV ________ Mum was washing dishes. A.before B. while C.after D.until
6）I was watching TV ____ you called me last night. A.when B.while C.until D.after
7) I ______ here since I came to China. A.lived B.have lived C.am living D. had living
8).My grandma didn’t go to sleep______ I got back home. A.till B.until C.since D.when
三）原因狀語從句：(常用連詞有because, since, as)
1. Tom is ill at home, _____he can’t come here. A.so B.if C.because D.and
2.—Why did you come to school late this morning?--___I watched the Football World Cup until 12:00 last night. A.If B.Because C.Since D.Though
3.I hope to go to France some day__there are many museums there.A.though B. unless C. because D. where
四）結(jié)果狀語從句：由so… that…/such…that/so that引導(dǎo)的從句（so后接形、副原級）
1）與too…to…句型的轉(zhuǎn)換：
He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him. =______________________________________________
The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it= ___________________________________________________
2）“so… that +從句”與“enough to”的替換
He’s so strong that he can carry the box.=___________________________________________________
He is not old enough to go to school.=________________________________________________________
3)so that…/ so…that…/such…that ____________________________________________________________
如：He got up early in the morning so that he could catch the early bus.
The boy is so strong that he can lift up the heavy stone. He is such a clever boy that all of us like him.
練習(xí)：1.--He was _______tired ______he fell asleep as soon as he lay down. -- Oh, we can go out and let him have a good rest..A.too;to B.so; that C.enough; to D.such; that
2.There were _______many people ____I couldn’t find where she is. A.so;that B.so;as C.such;that D.as;that
3. He ran as fast as possible__he could reach school on time. A.in order to B so as to C such that D so that
4. They are ___interesting books __ I want to read them once more.A.so that B.such…that C.too…to D.so…that
綜合練習(xí)
1.You may leave the classroom when you__writing.A.will finish Bare finishing C have finished Dhad finished
2. Would you give Johnny this letter if you ________ to see him this week.
A. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happened
3. She was busy, ____she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night. A. and B. so C. or D. but
4. English is ________ a useful language ________ it is spoken in many countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
5. Don’t cross the street __ the traffic lights are green. A. after B. until C. while D. since
6. Your dream won’t come true__ you know what your dream is. A. after B. unless C. while D. since
7. --Could you ask him if he __to my birthday party next Sunday? –I will, if I __ him this afternoon.
A. comes, meet B. will come, will meet C. comes, will meet D. will come, meet
8. Sarah is ______ a hard-working girl ______ she often works late into night.
A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that D. not only; but also
狀語從句真題練習(xí)
1.—Where was your brother at this time last night?—He was writing an e-mail ___I was watching TV at home.
A.as soon as B.after C.until D.while
2.The film “Kung Fu Panda” is___interesting__I would like to see it again. A.such,that B.too,to C.as,as D.so that
3.Tom will call me as soon as he ___home. A.gets B.has got C.got D.will get
4. We will have no water to drink___we don’t protect the earth. A.until B.before C.though D.if
5.We won’t start the meeting ___our teacher arrives. A.though B.until C.while D.or
6.Bob promises to join in the football match____he has to help his parents on the farm..
A. if B.as C. unless D. when
7.___it’s difficult to make her dream come ture, she never gives up. A.Though B.Unless C.Because D.If
8.---Could you tell me when Mr. Li___in Huanggang?---Sure. When he ___, I’ll call you.
A.arrives; will arrive B.will arrive; arrives C.arrives; arrives D.will arrive; will arrive
9.In summer, food goes bad easily__it is put in the refrigerator. A.until B.if C.unless
10.A moment, please. I’m checking if Mr. Smith__free tomorrow. A.is B.being C.to be D.will be
11.I didn’t go to bed __my mother came back late last night.A.so; B.until C.though
12.Hurry up,___you will miss the early train. A. or B.and C.if D.unless
13.---Tommy, do you know if Frank___to the theatre with us this Sunday if it ___?---Sorry, I have no idea.
A.will go, is fine; B.goes, is fine C.will go, is going to be fine D.goes; will be fine
14.What a beautiful painting it is! I’ve never seen ___painting. A.such a B.a C.such D.this better
15.I don’t know __he will come tomorrow.___he comes, I’ll tell you.
A.if, Whether B.whether, Whether C.if, That D.if, If
復(fù)合句綜合檢測
( )1.Is this museum_ they visited last month? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
( )2. Is that book ____ he borrowed on Friday? A. that B. which C. who D. the one
( )3 The second book__I want to read is Business at the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as
( )4 –Do you know the man __is running along the street? A who B which C whom
( )5. Without friendship, one can’t be happy although he is rich enough. As for me, I will never forget the days ___I spent with my dearest friend. A that B when C who
( )6 This is the best TV play __we have seen this year. A when B what C who D that
( )7--Have you found the information about famous people ____you can use for report?
--Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet. A which B who C what D whom
( )8--Have you been to the Sports Center___ is just opened in town? - -No, no yet.
A where B who C that D when
( )9 --Bob, where do you work?--I work for a company ___sells cars. A which B where C what
( )10____ have finished the work can leave. A. Those who B. Anyone C. The one who
( )11. The building that ___new is our school. A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )12. The pandas that we saved ____better now. A. are B. were C. is D. was
( )13 This is the only thing _________ I have lost.A.which B.that C.where
( )14.--Could you tell me____?--Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting. A. what does he say at the meeting. B what did he say at the meeting. C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting
( )15. No one can be sure____ in a million years.
A. what man looks like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what man will look like
( )16. -- Could you tell me ____?-- She is a student in Eton School.
A. where Kate is studying B. how Kate studies C .why Kate was studying D. when Kate studied
( )17.-- Could you tell me___ yesterday?-- About two hours. A. How long it takes to fly to Guilin B. How long it took to fly to Guilin C.How long does it take to fly to Guiln D. How long did it take to fly to Guilin
( )18. Please tell me____.A. what is wrong with the boy B. what is the boy wrong C. what wrong the boy is
( )19. She will hate him when she _more about him .A.knowsB .know C.will know Dis going to know
( )20. --Excuse me. Do you know_____?--Sorry, I don’t know. A. where is No. 1 Middle School
B. where No. 1 Middle School is C. No. 1 Middle School is where D. No. 1 Middle School where is
( )21. At the science museum，the boys and girls get to know__________. A. what is the spaceship like
B. what the spaceship looks like C. how the spaceship looks 1ike D. how does the spaceship1ook like
( )22. He didn’t tell me ____.
A. which floor did he live on B. which floor he lived on C. which floor he lived D. he lived on which floor
( )23. I’m new here. Could you tell me__, please?A. when does the first bus arrive B. when the first bus arrives
C. when did the first bus arrive D.when will the first bus arrive
( )24. I wonder how long_______school?
A. has he been away from B. he has been away C. he has left D. he has been away from
( )25. ---We can use MSN to talk with each other on the Internet. ---Really? Will you please show ____it? ‘
A. what to use B. how to use C. how can I use D. where can I use
( )26. The teacher asked the students . A. if they were interested in chatting online
B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how often they go to movies
( )27---Could you tell me how long __the book?--Three days.
A.I can keep B.can I borrow C.I can borrow D. can I keep
( )28.I can’t understand ___the boy alone at home.
A.why she left B.did she leave C.why had she left D.why she leave
( )29. You will not succeeded if you ______ harder. A. will work B. won’t work C. work D. don’t work
( )30.Write clearly __your teacher can understand you correctly. A.since B.for C.because Dso that
( )31.______he failed , he went on doing the experiment .A. Even B. Yet C. Although D. in spite of
( )32.The dog went out while we __ supper. A. had B. had had C. were having D. would have
( )33.His brother has worked there ________ he left schoo A.when B. after C. since D. until
( )34.The boy didn’t stop talking ____the second bell rang. A.when B. until C. after D. because
( )35. __I came into the office, the teacher were having a meeting.A.While B. When C. Once D. Since
( )36.I was about to leave my house __ the telephone rang. A.while B. as C. when D. since
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)13
1、公元前20xx年，禹建立夏朝，這是我國歷第一個奴隸制王朝。P15
2、湯滅夏，建立商朝，盤庚遷殷后，商朝統(tǒng)治穩(wěn)定。P21
3、公元前1046年，周武王經(jīng)牧野之戰(zhàn)滅商，建立周朝，定都鎬。P23
4、西周實(shí)行分封制，加強(qiáng)了對各地的統(tǒng)治。P23—24
5、公元前771年，西周滅亡。P24
6、商朝的司母戊鼎是世界上已發(fā)現(xiàn)的的青銅器，湖南寧鄉(xiāng)出土了造型奇特的四羊方尊P26
7、“三星堆”文化遺址出土的青銅面具、大型青銅立人像、青銅神樹等引起了中外人士的.矚目。P27
8、農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)、手工業(yè)和商業(yè)的繁榮，形成了我國夏、商西周燦爛的青銅文明。P27
9、公元前770年，周平王東遷洛，史稱“東周”。東周分為春秋和戰(zhàn)國兩個時期。P30
10、春秋五霸：齊桓公、晉文公、楚莊王、吳王夫差、越王勾踐。P30—32
11、齊桓公提出“尊王攘夷”的口號。P31
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)14
一、方程的有關(guān)概念
1.方程：含有未知數(shù)的等式就叫做方程.
2. 一元一次方程：只含有一個未知數(shù)(元)x，未知數(shù)x的指數(shù)都是1(次)，這樣的方程叫做一元一次方程.例如： 1700+50x=1800， 2(x+1.5x)=5等都是一元一次方程.
3.方程的解：使方程中等號左右兩邊相等的未知數(shù)的值，叫做方程的解.
注：⑴ 方程的解和解方程是不同的概念，方程的解實(shí)質(zhì)上是求得的結(jié)果，它是一個數(shù)值(或幾個數(shù)值)，而解方程的含義是指求出方程的解或判斷方程無解的過程. ⑵ 方程的解的檢驗(yàn)方法，首先把未知數(shù)的值分別代入方程的左、右兩邊計算它們的值，其次比較兩邊的值是否相等從而得出結(jié)論.
二、等式的性質(zhì)
等式的性質(zhì)(1)：等式兩邊都加上(或減去)同個數(shù)(或式子)，結(jié)果仍相等.
等式的性質(zhì)(1)用式子形式表示為：如果a=b，那么a±c=b±c
等式的性質(zhì)(2)：等式兩邊乘同一個數(shù)，或除以同一個不為0的數(shù)，結(jié)果仍相等，等式的性質(zhì)(2)用式子形式表示為：如果a=b，那么ac=bc;如果a=b(c≠0)，那么ca=cb
三、移項法則：把等式一邊的某項變號后移到另一邊，叫做移項.
四、去括號法則
1. 括號外的因數(shù)是正數(shù)，去括號后各項的符號與原括號內(nèi)相應(yīng)各項的符號相同.
2. 括號外的因數(shù)是負(fù)數(shù)，去括號后各項的`符號與原括號內(nèi)相應(yīng)各項的符號改變.
五、解方程的一般步驟
1. 去分母(方程兩邊同乘各分母的最小公倍數(shù))
2. 去括號(按去括號法則和分配律)
3. 移項(把含有未知數(shù)的項移到方程一邊，其他項都移到方程的另一邊，移項要變號)
4. 合并(把方程化成ax = b (a≠0)形式)
5. 系數(shù)化為1(在方程兩邊都除以未知數(shù)的系數(shù)a，得到方程的解x=a(b).
六、用方程思想解決實(shí)際問題的一般步驟
1. 審：審題，分析題中已知什么，求什么，明確各數(shù)量之間的關(guān)系.
2. 設(shè)：設(shè)未知數(shù)(可分直接設(shè)法，間接設(shè)法)
3. 列：根據(jù)題意列方程.
4. 解：解出所列方程.
5. 檢：檢驗(yàn)所求的解是否符合題意.
6. 答：寫出答案(有單位要注明答案)
初一上冊知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)15
細(xì)胞是構(gòu)成生物體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基本單位。
一、細(xì)胞中的物質(zhì)
有機(jī)物(一般含碳，可燒)：糖類、脂類、蛋白質(zhì)、核酸，這些都是大分子
無機(jī)物(一般不含碳)：水、無機(jī)物、氧等，這些都是小分子
二、細(xì)胞膜控制物質(zhì)的進(jìn)出，對物質(zhì)有選擇性，有用物質(zhì)進(jìn)入，廢物排出。
三、細(xì)胞內(nèi)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換器：
葉綠體：進(jìn)行光合作用，是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的把二氧化碳和水合成有機(jī)物，并產(chǎn)生氧。
線粒體：進(jìn)行呼吸作用，是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的“動力工廠”“發(fā)動機(jī)”。
二者聯(lián)系：都是細(xì)胞中的能量轉(zhuǎn)換器
二者區(qū)別：葉綠體將光能轉(zhuǎn)變成化學(xué)能儲存在有機(jī)物中;線粒體分解有機(jī)物，將有機(jī)物中儲存的化學(xué)能釋放出來供細(xì)胞利用。
四、動植物細(xì)胞都有線粒體。
五、細(xì)胞核是遺傳信息庫，遺傳信息存在于細(xì)胞核中
1、多莉羊的例子p55，
2、細(xì)胞核中的遺傳信息的.載體——DNA
3、DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)像一個螺旋形的梯子
4、基因是DNA上的一個具有特定遺傳信息的片斷
5、DNA和蛋白質(zhì)組成染色體
不同的生物個體，染色體的形態(tài)、數(shù)量完全不同;
同種生物個體，染色體在形態(tài)、數(shù)量保持一定;
染色體容易被堿性染料染成深色;
染色體數(shù)量要保持恒定，否則會有嚴(yán)重的遺傳病。
6、細(xì)胞的控制中心是細(xì)胞核
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